Biography

One of the best-known stage actresses in 19th century America. She also had romantic female relationships, but the term "lesbian" had not been coined yet, so they were never referred to in the same way that we do now. She adopted her nephew Edwin Charles Cushman. His wife, Emma Conn Cushman, was possibly one of her lovers before they married.

"Cushman was encouraged by her musically gifted mother to train for the opera, and she joined a Boston company and appeared in April 1835 as Countess Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro. Said to have had a fine contralto voice, Cushman eventually was forced to abandon opera when her voice failed her. She then turned to the stage. She appeared in April 1836 as Lady Macbeth in a striking performance. In 1837 she first played her most popular role, Meg Merrilies, in a stage adaptation of Sir Walter Scott’s Guy Mannering, and in 1839 she appeared as Nancy in Oliver Twist, based on the Charles Dickens novel. In 1842 she became manager of the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Starring with W.C. Macready in Macbeth, she played in Philadelphia and New York on alternate evenings during 1843–44. She played Bianca in 1845 opposite Edwin Forrest in Henry Milman’s Fazio and scored a great triumph in London. That same year and again on a tour in London in 1854–55, she played Romeo to her sister Susan’s Juliet. Her other famous male roles included Hamlet and Cardinal Wolsey.

An extremely popular actress in Europe as well as the United States, Cushman was at her best in powerfully emotional roles, showing little talent for subtlety or comedy. She played more than 30 masculine roles in her lifetime. Her personal life, though unmarked by scandal, was centred on her community of women friends. From 1852 to 1870 Cushman lived in England and Italy, thereafter settling in the United States."